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كتاب Clinical Periodontology and Implant Dentistry PDF امل ابو غيدا : 2015م - 1443هـ Clinical Periodontology and Implant Dentistry 4th edition Jan Lindhe Thorkild Karring . Niklaus P. Lang Editors Contents Foreword xv Giorgio Vogel Preface xvii Jan Lindhe Classification of Periodontal Diseases xix Denis F. Kinane and Jan Lindhe Adult periodontitis — chronic periodontitis Early-onset forms of periodontitis — aggressive periodontitis Systemic disease forms of periodontitis Necrotizing forms of periodontitis — necrotizing forms of periodontal diseases Contributors xxi Basic Concepts Chapter 1 Anatomy of the Periodontium 3 Jan Lindhe, Thorkild Karring and Mauricio Araujo Introduction 3 Gingiva 5 Macroscopic anatomy 5 Microscopic anatomy 8 Periodontal ligament 27 Root cementum 31 Alveolar bone 34 Blood supply of the periodontium 43 Lymphatic system of the periodontium 47 Nerves of the periodontium 48 Chapter 2 Epidemiology of Periodontal Diseases 50 Panos N. Papapanou and Jan Lindhe Methodological issues 50 Examination methods — index systems 50 Critical evaluation 52 Prevalence of periodontal diseases 54 Introduction 54 Periodontitis in adults 54 Periodontitis in children and adolescents 57 Periodontitis and tooth loss 61 Risk factors for periodontitis 61 Introduction and definitions 61 Studies of putative risk factors for periodontitis 63 Longitudinal studies and conclusions 68 Periodontal infections and risk for systemic disease 70 Atherosclerosis — cardiovascular/cerebrovascular disease 70 Preterm birth 72 Diabetes mellitus 73 Concluding remarks 73 Chapter 3 Dental Plaque and Calculus 81 Niklaus P. Lang, Andrea Mombelli and Rolf Attstrom Microbial considerations 81 General introduction to plaque formation 83 Dental plaque as a biofilm 85 Structure of dental plaque 85 Supragingival plaque 85 Subgingival plaque 90 Peri-implant plaque 98 Dental calculus 98 Clinical appearance, distribution and clinical diagnosis 98 Attachment to tooth surfaces and implants 100 Mineralization, composition and structure 101 Clinical implications 102 Chapter 4 Microbiology of Periodontal Disease 106 Sigmund S. Socransky and Anne D. Haffajee Introduction 106 Periodontal diseases and other infectious diseases 106 Unique features of periodontal infections 107 Historical perspective 108 The early search 108 The decline of interest in microorganisms 110 Non-specific plaque hypothesis 110 Mixed anaerobic infections 110 VI • CONTENTS Return to specificity in microbial etiology of periodontal diseases 110 Changing concepts of the microbial etiology of periodontal diseases 111 Current suspected pathogens of destructive periodontal diseases 112 Criteria for defining periodontal pathogens 112 Periodontal pathogens 114 Mixed infections 122 The nature of dental plaque — the biofilm way of life 122 The nature of biofilms 122 Properties of biofilms 123 The oral biofilms that lead to periodontal diseases 125 Microbial complexes 126 Factors that affect the composition of subgingival biofilms 127 Microbial composition of supra and subgingival biofilms 132 Prerequisites for periodontal disease initiation and progression 132 The virulent periodontal pathogen 133 The local environment 133 Host susceptibility 134 Mechanisms of pathogenicity 135 Essential factors for colonization of a subgingival species 135 Final comments 139 Chapter 5 Host-Parasite Interactions in Periodontal Disease 150 Denis F. Kinane, Tord Berglundh and Jan Lindhe Initiation and progression of periodontal disease 150 Introduction 150 Initiation of periodontal disease 150 Initial, early, established and advanced lesions 155 Host-parasite interactions 163 Introduction 163 Microbial virulence factors 164 Host defense processes 165 Overall summary 175 Chapter 6 Modifying Factors: Diabetes, Puberty, Pregnancy and the Menopause and Tobacco Smoking 179 Richard Palmer and Mena Soory Diabetes mellitus 179 Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus 180 Clinical symptoms 180 Oral and periodontal effects 180 Association of periodontal infection and diabetic control 181 Modification of the host/bacteria relationship in diabetes 182 Periodontal treatment 183 Puberty, pregnancy and the menopause 183 Puberty and menstruation 184 Pregnancy 184 Periodontal treatment during pregnancy 186 Menopause and osteoporosis 186 Hormonal contraceptives 187 Tobacco smoking 188 Periodontal disease in smokers 189 Modification of the host/bacteria relationship in smoking 190 Smoking cessation 192 Chapter 7 Plaque Induced Gingival Disease 198 Noel Claffey Histopathologic features of gingivitis 200 Gingivitis associated with local contributing factors 200 Tooth abnormalities such as enamel pearls and cemental tears 200 Dental restorations 200 Root fractures 201 Cervical root resorption 201 Treatment of plaque induced gingivitis 201 Gingival diseases modified by endocrine factors (see also Chapter 6) 201 Pregnancy associated gingivitis 201 Puberty associated gingivitis 202 Menstrual cycle associated gingivitis 202 Pyogenic granuloma of pregnancy 202 Gingival diseases modified by malnutrition 202 Gingival diseases modified by systemic conditions 203 Diabetes mellitus 203 Leukemias and other blood dysplasias 203 Gingival diseases modified by medications 203 Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (see also Chapter 10) 205 Microbiology, host response and predisposing factors 205 Host response in acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis 206 Treatment of NUG 207 Chapter 8 Chronic Periodontitis 209 Denis F. Kinane and Jan Lindhe Risk factors or susceptibility to chronic periodontitis 211 Bacterial risk factors 211 Age 211 Smoking 211 Host response related 212 Scientific basis for periodontal therapy 213 Tooth loss 213 Subgingival instrumentation and maintenance 213 Effect of surgical treatment 214 Comparisons of surgical and non-surgical therapy 214 CONTENTS • VII Chapter 9 Aggressive Periodontitis 216 Maurizio S. Tonetti and Andrea Mombelli Classification and clinical syndromes 217 Epidemiology 218 Primary dentition 219 Permanent dentition 220 Screening 221 Etiology and pathogenesis 225 Bacterial etiology 225 Bacterial damage to the periodontium 228 Host response to bacterial pathogens 228 Genetic aspects of host susceptibility 231 Environmental aspects of host susceptibility 232 Current concepts 232 Diagnosis 233 Clinical diagnosis 233 Microbiologic diagnosis 235 Genetic diagnosis 237 Principles of therapeutic intervention 237 Elimination or suppression of the pathogenic flora 238 Chapter 10 Necrotizing Periodontal Disease 243 Palle Holmstrup and Jytte Westergaard Nomenclature 243 Prevalence 243 Clinical characteristics 244 Development of lesions 244 Interproximal craters 244 Sequestrum formation 246 Involvement of alveolar mucosa 246 Swelling of lymph nodes 246 Fever and malaise 248 Oral hygiene 248 Acute and recurrent/chronic forms of necrotizing gingivitis and periodontitis 249 Diagnosis 249 Differential diagnosis 249 Histopathology 250 Microbiology 251 Microorganisms isolated from necrotizing lesions 251 Pathogenic potential of microorganisms 252 Host response and predisposing factors 253 Systemic diseases 253 Poor oral hygiene, preexisting gingivitis and history of previous NPD 254 Psychologic stress and inadequate sleep 254 Smoking and alcohol use 254 Caucasian background 255 Young age 255 Treatment 255 Acute phase treatment 255 Maintenance phase treatment 257 Chapter 11 The Periodontal Abscess 260 Mariano Sanz, David Herrera and Arie J. van Winkelhoff Classification 260 Periodontitis-related abscess 260 Non-periodontitis-related abscess 261 Prevalence 261 Pathogenesis and histopathology 261 Microbiology 262 Diagnosis 262 Differential diagnosis 264 Treatment 264 Complications 266 Tooth loss 266 Dissemination of the infection 266 Chapter 12 Non-Plaque Induced Inflammatory Gingival Lesions 269 Palle Holmstrup and Daniel van Steenberghe Gingival diseases of specific bacterial origin 269 Gingival diseases of viral origin 269 Herpes virus infections 269 Gingival diseases of fungal origin 272 Candidosis 272 Linear gingival erythema 274 Histoplasmosis 275 Gingival lesions of genetic origin 275 Hereditary gingival fibromatosis 275 Gingival diseases of systemic origin 277 Mucocutaneous disorders 277 Allergic reactions 286 Other gingival manifestations of systemic conditions 287 Traumatic lesions 289 Chemical injury 289 Physical injury 289 Thermal injury 291 Foreign body reactions 291 Chapter 13 Differential Diagnoses: Periodontal Tumors and Cysts 298 Palle Holmstrup and Jesper Reibel Reactive processes of periodontal soft tissues 298 Fibroma/focal fibrous hyperplasia 298 Calcifying fibroblastic granuloma 300 Pyogenic granuloma 301 Peripheral giant cell granuloma 301 Reactive processes of periodontal hard tissues 302 Periapical cemental dysplasia 302 Benign neoplasms of periodontal soft tissues 303 Hemangioma 303 Nevus 304 Papilloma 304 Verruca vulgaris 305 Peripheral odontogenic tumors 305 Benign neoplasms of periodontal hard tissues 306 Ameloblastoma 306 Squamous odontogenic tumor 307 Benign cementoblastoma 308 Malignant neoplasms of periodontal soft tissues 308 Squamous cell carcinoma 308 Metastasis to the gingiva 309 Kaposi's sarcoma 310 VIII • CONTENTS Malignant lymphoma 310 Malignant neoplasms of periodontal hard tissues 311 Osteosarcoma 311 Langerhans cell disease 311 Cysts of the periodontium 312 Gingival cyst 313 Lateral periodontal cyst 313 Inflammatory pm-Mental cyst 314 Odontogenic keratocyst 314 Radicular cyst 315 Chapter 14 Endodontics and Periodontics 318 Gunnar Bergenholtz and Gunnar Hasselgren Influence of pathologic conditions in the pulp on the periodontium 319 Impact of disease conditions in the vital pulp 319 Impact of pulpal necrosis 319 Manifestations of endodontic lesions in the marginal periodontium from lateral canals 323 Manifestations of acute endodontic lesions in the marginal periodontium 324 Impact of endodontic treatment measures on the periodontium 326 Root perforations 328 Vertical root fracture 330 Influence of external root resorptions 333 Mechanisms of hard tissue resorption 333 Clinical manifestations of external root resorptions 334 Different forms of external root resorption 335 Influence of periodontal disease on the condition of the pulp 339 Influence of periodontal treatment measures on the pulp 340 Scaling and root planing 340 Root dentin hypersensitivity 341 Endodontic considerations in root resection of multirooted teeth in periodontal therapy 344 Differential diagnostic considerations 344 Treatment strategies for combined endodontic and periodontal lesions 346 e developments 397 .